The US president who became China’s friend

M’mawa wowala Januware mu 1979, Purezidenti wa US Jimmy Carter adalonjera mlendo wodziwika ku Washington: Deng Xiaoping, bambo yemwe adatsegula chuma cha China.

Mtsogoleri woyamba wa Chikomyunizimu China kupita ku United States, a Deng adafika madzulo apitawa, kuti adzayatse chipale chofewa komanso kulandiridwa ndi wachiwiri kwa purezidenti waku US, mlembi wa boma ndi akazi awo.

Uku kunali kuyambika kwa ubale waukazembe womwe udasinthiratu dziko lapansi, ndikuyambitsa kukwera kwachuma ku China – ndipo pambuyo pake, mpikisano wake ndi US.

Kukhazikitsa ubale ndi China chinali chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za Carter, muutsogoleri wachipwirikiti womwe udatha ndi nthawi imodzi.

Wobadwa pa 1 Okutobala, tsiku lomwelo pomwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa People’s Republic of China, “adakonda kunena kuti ndiye tsogolo lomwe lidamubweretsa pamodzi ndi China”, adatero Yawei Liu, mnzake wapamtima wa Carter.

Ngakhale atasiya udindo, adakulitsa ubale wolimba ndi anthu aku China – koma izi zidakhudzidwa pomwe ubale pakati pa Washington ndi Beijing udazilala.

Komabe iye akadali m’gulu laling’ono la akuluakulu a boma la US omwe amakondedwa ndi Beijing chifukwa chothandizira kuchotsa China ya Chikomyunizimu m’zaka za m’ma 1970.

Beijing yalankhula zachisoni, kutcha Carter “mphamvu yoyendetsa” kumbuyo kwa mgwirizano wa 1979. Koma intaneti ya ku China yapita patsogolo kwambiri, kumutcha “Meirenzong” kapena “American wachifundo”, ndikumupatsa dzina lomwe poyamba linali losungidwa kwa mafumu.

Kukumana koyamba kwa Carter ndi China kunali mu 1949, pomwe dzikolo linali kuvutika komaliza chifukwa cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe yatenga zaka makumi ambiri.

Monga msilikali wachinyamata wapamadzi waku US, gulu lake lankhondo la pansi pamadzi linatumizidwa ku Qingdao kum’mawa kwa China. Anayenera kuthandiza asitikali a Kuomintang omwe anali kumenyera nkhondo yachikomyunizimu ndi gulu lankhondo la Mao Zedong.

Makilomita ochepa chabe kumbuyo kwa mizere ya adani kunali mkulu wankhondo waku China dzina lake Deng Xiaoping.

Pamene pomalizira pake anakumana zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, anali atsogoleri a mayiko awo.

Anali Purezidenti wakale wa US, Richard Nixon, ndi mlembi wake wa boma a Henry Kissinger omwe adakhazikitsa maziko okopa omwe panthawiyo anali Mao a China. Polimbana ndi Beijing ndi Moscow, iwo anawona mwayi woti akope bwenzi la Soviet Union.

Koma zoyesayesazo zidafika pachimake pansi pa Carter – ndi Deng – omwe adakakamira maubwenzi ozama. Kwa miyezi ingapo, Purezidenti waku US adatumiza oyankhulana odalirika kuti akakambirane mwachinsinsi ndi Beijing.

Kupambanaku kunachitika chakumapeto kwa 1978. Pakati pa December, maiko awiriwa adalengeza kuti “adzazindikirana ndi kukhazikitsa ubale wa diplomatic kuyambira pa January 1, 1979”.

Dziko lapansi lidadabwa ndipo Beijing idakondwera, koma chilumba cha Taiwan, chomwe chidadalira thandizo la US motsutsana ndi zomwe aku China, chidaphwanyidwa. Carter akadali munthu wotsutsana kumeneko.

M’mbuyomu, US idangozindikira boma la Taiwan, zomwe China idaziwona ngati chigawo chopanduka. Ndipo kwa zaka zambiri thandizo la US ku Taiwan ndilofunika kwambiri pazokambirana.

Kusintha kuzindikirika ku Beijing kumatanthauza kuti US pomaliza idavomereza malingaliro a China kuti pali boma limodzi lokha la China – ndipo linali ku Beijing. Izi ndi ndondomeko ya One Chinazomwe, mpaka lero, zimapanga maziko a ubale wa US-China.

Koma pivot idadzutsa mafunso osapeŵeka okhudza kudzipereka kwa US kwa ogwirizana nawo. Posasunthika ndi lingaliro la Carter, Congress pamapeto pake idakakamiza kudzera mulamulo lolemba ufulu wake wopatsa Taiwan zida zodzitchinjiriza, motero kupangitsa kutsutsana kosatha mu mfundo zakunja zaku US.

Olemba mbiri akadali amavomereza kuti 1979 idawonetsa mayendedwe odabwitsa omwe adalimbikitsanso mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi: sizinangogwirizanitsa US ndi China motsutsana ndi Soviet Union, komanso zidatsegula njira yamtendere ndikukula mwachangu kwachuma ku East Asia.

Koma Carter sakanatha kuchita popanda ubale wake wapadera ndi Deng Xiaoping. “Ndizosangalatsa kukambirana naye,” Carter adalemba m’buku lake atatha tsiku limodzi ndi Deng paulendo wake wa Januware, malinga ndi wolemba mbiri ya Deng Ezra Vogel.

“Awiriwo adatsatira nzeru, panalinso kufanana kwakukulu m’makhalidwe awo opanda pake,” adatero Dali Yang, pulofesa wa sayansi ya ndale ku yunivesite ya Chicago. “Panali chinthu china chapadera kwambiri pakati pa amuna awiriwa chomwe chinakhazikitsadi chidaliro.”

A Deng Xiaoping adapulumuka pazandale katatu motsogozedwa ndi Mao kuti akhale m’modzi mwa atsogoleri otsogola ku China. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amati masomphenya ake, kudzidalira kwake, kuyankhula mosabisa kanthu komanso kuchenjera kwake pamlingo wofunika kwambiriwu.

Adawona mwayi womwe Carter adapereka, Vogel akulemba – kuti alepheretse mphamvu za Soviet ndikuyambitsa kusinthika komwe kudayamba ku Japan, Taiwan komanso South Korea. Amadziwa kuti zitha kuthawa ku China popanda thandizo la US.

Ulendo wa Deng ku US udayamba ndi msonkhano woyamba ku White House, pomwe adaseka pomwe akuwulula kulumikizana kwake ku Qingdao ndi Carter, malinga ndi malipoti aku China. Anali wokondwa pamene awiriwo adagwirana manja kutsogolo kwa makamera ku Rose Garden, kuti: “Tsopano anthu a mayiko athu awiri akugwirana chanza.”

M’masiku angapo otsatira, Deng adapanga chithumwa champhepo chaku America pomwe adayendera mayiko angapo ndi Carter. Mu chithunzi chimodzi chodziwika bwino, Deng akuwoneka akuseka pomwe akuvala chipewa choweta ng’ombe pa Texan rodeo. “Deng amapewa ndale, akupita ku Texan,” unatero mutu wa nyuzipepala yakomweko.

Carter anafotokoza kuti Deng ndi “wanzeru, wolimba, wanzeru, wowona mtima, wolimba mtima, wokonda munthu, wodzidalira, wochezeka”, malinga ndi Vogel.

Pambuyo pake adalemba mu zolemba zake kuti ulendowu unali “chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa za Utsogoleri wanga … kwa ine, zonse zidayenda bwino, ndipo mtsogoleri wachi China adawoneka wokondwa chimodzimodzi.”

“Carter analidi wothandizira pazachiyanjano – inali nthawi yodabwitsa,” adatero Orville Schell, mkulu wa Asia Society’s Center on US-China Relations yemwe, monga mtolankhani mu 1979, adalemba nkhani. Ulendo wa Deng.

“Iye adadziwitsa Deng kudziko komanso kudziko lapansi. Zinapangitsa kuti ubale wokangana ukhale wovuta kwambiri. Momwe Carter ndi Deng anachitira, izi zinali zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti kunali bwino kuti anthu onse awiri asiye mbiri yakale ndikuyamba mgwirizano. ubale watsopano.”

Pansi pa Carter, China idapatsidwa mwayi wamalonda “okondedwa kwambiri”, kulimbikitsa chuma chake ndikupanga ntchito. Pasanathe chaka chimodzi, malonda a njira ziwiri pakati pa mayiko awiriwa anawonjezeka kawiri.

Zaka khumi zikubwerazi China idakhala bwenzi lofunika kwambiri lazamalonda osati ku US kokha komanso dziko lonse lapansi, zomwe “zinali zofunika kwambiri” pakukula kwa China, adatero Prof Yang.

Kugwirizana kwa Carter ndi China kudapitilira nthawi yayitali utsogoleri wake utatha.

M’zaka za m’ma 1990 gulu lake lopanda phindu la Carter Center lidachita gawo lalikulu mu demokalase yomwe idangoyamba kumene ku China komwe – moitanidwa ndi boma la China – idawona zisankho za m’midzi, akuluakulu ophunzitsidwa bwino komanso ovota ophunzira.

Mosazolowereka kwa purezidenti wakale waku US, Carter adabwerera ku China kangapo pamaulendo ake. Paulendo wina, iye ndi mkazi wake Rosalynn anathandiza kumanga nyumba zosungiramo anthu omwe anakhudzidwa ndi chivomezi cha 2008 ku Sichuan.

Kudzipereka kwake pantchito yothandiza anthu, chikhalidwe chake chodzichepetsa monga mwana wa mlimi wa mtedza, komanso “machitidwe a anthu” – omwe adasiyana ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo aku China – zidamupangitsa kuti azikondedwa ndi anthu ambiri aku China, malinga ndi Prof Yang: “Adzatero. kuwonedwa ngati chitsanzo cha mtsogoleri amene amasamala, osati m’mawu chabe komanso m’zochita.”

“Kulikonse komwe amapita ku China, anthu amamukonda … Anthu aku China adamukonda kwambiri chifukwa cha kulimba mtima komanso kuwona mtima kwake,” atero Dr Liu, mlangizi wamkulu ku Carter Center. Anatsagana ndi Carter pamaulendo angapo, kuphatikiza ulendo wa 2014 komwe adasangalatsidwa ndi akuluakulu am’deralo ndi mayunivesite.

Ku Qingdao, mzindawu udawonetsa zowombera modzidzimutsa pa tsiku lake lobadwa la 90. Ku Beijing, mwana wamkazi wa Deng adachita phwando ndikupereka mphatso – tsamba loyamba la People’s Daily la 1979 communique. “Onse awiri adagwetsa misozi,” Dr Liu adakumbukira.

Umenewo unali ulendo wake womaliza. Pamene ubale wa US-China ukukula, momwemonso ubale wa Carter ndi utsogoleri waku China, makamaka Xi Jinping atatenga mphamvu.

Madzulo a ulendo wake wa 2014, akuluakulu aboma adalangiza mayunivesite kuti asapereke ndalama pazochitika zake, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mkangano wosintha malo. Carter adanena.

Mgonero wa boma womwe adamuchitira ku Great Hall of the People ku Beijing udapezeka pang’ono, adakumbukira a Schell. Makamaka, adakhala ndi wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Li Yuanchao, pomwe Xi akuti amasangalatsidwa ndi wolemekezeka wina kwinakwake.

“Sakanabwera kudzapereka chipewa chake kwa Carter. Izi zinasonyezadi momwe ubale unalili,” adatero Schell. “Carter anali wokwiya kwambiri. Awiri mwa omuthandizira ake anandiuza kuti ankafuna kuchoka msanga chifukwa ankadziona kuti ndi wopanda ulemu.”

Ntchito za Carter Center ku China zidachepetsedwa, ndipo tsamba lomwe adasunga lolemba zisankho zamudzi idachotsedwa pa intaneti. Palibe chifukwa chomveka chomwe chinaperekedwa panthawiyo, koma Dr Liu adanena kuti izi ndi zomwe China ikukula kukayikira mabungwe akunja pambuyo pa 2010 Arab Spring.

Ngakhale Carter sananenepo pang’ono za snub poyera, zikadamvekanso movutikira, chifukwa cha kutalika komwe adapita kuti akalimbikitse chibwenzi.

Zadzutsanso mafunso ngati njira yake yokhudzana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi China – adayitcha “kuleza mtima” koma ena adayitsutsa ngati yofewa – idayenera pamapeto pake.

Carter nthawi zambiri “adachita khama kwambiri… “Anadzikwiyitsa ngakhale atachoka paudindo, chifukwa The Carter Center inali ndi gawo lalikulu mdziko muno.”

Ena amawona lingaliro lake lochita nawo Chikomyunizimu China monga wobadwa kuchokera kumtima waku America panthawiyo. Pambuyo pa chipwirikiti chachiwawa cha Cultural Revolution, panali “kusakhulupirira pakati pa anthu ambiri a ku America – kodi a China angakhale bwanji odzipatula okwiya?” Prof Yang adatero. “Panali chikhumbo chenicheni pakati pa atsogoleri aku America kuti athandizedi.”

Ena amati poyesa kuthandizira kulimbana ndi a Soviet, US idakhazikitsa njira yoti dziko la China litukuke ndipo pamapeto pake adapanga m’modzi mwa opikisana nawo kwambiri.

Koma izi zidapindulitsanso mamiliyoni aku China, zomwe zidathandizira kuwachotsa muumphawi komanso – kwakanthawi – kukulitsa ufulu wandale mdera lawo.

“Ndikuganiza kuti tonsefe ku m’badwo umenewo tinali ana a chibwenzi,” adatero Schell. “Tinkakhulupirira kuti Carter apeza njira yomwe ingabweretse China pang’onopang’ono ubale wabwino [the] US ndi dziko lonse lapansi. “

Chakumapeto kwa moyo wake, Carter adachita mantha kwambiri ndi kusakhulupirirana komwe kukukulirakulira pakati pa US ndi China, ndipo nthawi zambiri amachenjeza za “Nkhondo Yozizira yamakono”.

“Mu 1979, ine ndi Deng Xiaoping tidadziwa kuti tikupititsa patsogolo ntchito yamtendere. Ngakhale kuti atsogoleri amasiku ano akukumana ndi dziko losiyana, cholinga cha mtendere chimakhalabe chofunikira,” adatero. iye analemba pa chikumbutso cha 40 cha normalization ya ubale.

“[Leaders] Ayenera kuvomereza kukhudzika kwathu kuti United States ndi China ziyenera kupanga tsogolo lawo limodzi, iwowo komanso anthu onse. “